How to Write a Paper Fast

論文其實是把你研究過程與結果，以及的你自己的想法給紀錄下來，並分享給別人看！

論文標題與關鍵詞

論文標題的發想是寫作過程中至關重要的一部分。一個好的標題不僅可以總結文章的主題，還應該能夠吸引讀者的注意力，激發他們的興趣，並清晰地傳達文章的核心內容。在選擇標題時，作者需要綜合考慮文章的主題、重要觀點和研究結果，以確保標題既能夠引導讀者對文章內容的理解，又能夠在眾多相似主題的文獻中脫穎而出。為了確保標題的準確性、吸引力和可檢索性，作者可以參考已有文獻中使用過的標題，並結合相關領域的常見關鍵詞和短語。這些關鍵詞和短語不僅可以幫助作者確定標題，還可以提高文章在搜索引擎中的可見性和檢索性，從而吸引更多的讀者關注和閱讀。因此，論文標題的產生與關鍵詞之間存在著密切的關係，它們共同作用於提高文章的可讀性和可檢索性。

文獻收集及詳讀

在撰寫論文之前，進行文獻收集是至關重要的一步，這有助於確保你的研究能夠建立在前人的基礎上，並且能夠提供有效的支持和背景。以下是一些收集文獻的建議步驟：

1. 明確研究課題：首先，確定你感興趣或將要研究的具體課題。明確課題可以幫助你更加有針對性地收集相關文獻，並確保你所獲取的信息與你的研究方向相關。
2. 選擇合適的數據庫：根據你的研究領域和課題，選擇合適的學術數據庫進行文獻檢索。常用的數據庫包括Google 學術、PubMed、IEEE Xplore、Web of Science等。
3. 使用合適的檢索詞：使用相關的檢索詞或關鍵詞來搜索文獻。這些關鍵詞應該涵蓋你研究課題的各個方面，以確保你能夠找到與你研究相關的文獻。
4. 篩選文獻：在收集到一定數量的文獻後，對它們進行篩選，保留與你研究課題最相關的文獻。可以根據文獻的標題、摘要和關鍵詞進行初步篩選。
5. 閱讀和理解文獻：仔細閱讀和理解所選文獻的內容。了解作者的觀點、研究方法和結果，以及他們的結論對你的研究課題有何影響。
6. 引用相關文獻：將相關文獻引用到你的論文中，並確保對其進行正確的引用和參考。這有助於支持你的論點，並向讀者展示你的研究建立在前人的工作基礎上。
7. 保持更新：及時更新你的文獻收集，並關注你研究領域的最新進展。這有助於確保你的論文始終基於最新的研究成果和知識。

尋找與主題相關的期刊和國際會議是至關重要的。這些期刊和會議的影響因子（impact factors）和研究人員的h指數（h-index）可以作為評估其學術影響力和貢獻的重要指標。影響因子通常反映了期刊的引用頻率和影響力，而h指數則是衡量研究人員學術成就和影響力的指標之一，取決於其發表的文章被引用的次數。因此，尋找影響因子較高的期刊和參與影響力較大的國際會議可以提高研究成果的曝光和評價。同時，參考具有較高h指數的研究人員和他們的實驗室，可以獲得更多的研究啟發和合作機會，有助於提高研究的水平和影響力。

論文撰寫

論文因為篇幅有限，所以不能寫太長，但又要必須把所有重點都有提及到，因此，我們可以根據IMRD的格式來撰寫，此格式適合自然科學以及工程論文。

IMRD是Introduction、Material and Method、Result以及Discussion的縮寫，透過IMRD的格式來分段落可以幫助不同的讀者更快找到自己想精讀的部份，例如：對於已經在一個領域研究多年的科研人員，他們不需要再透過讀Introduction的部份，幫助理解研究課題的背景知識，他們會更想直接研究和學習研究方法與結果的部份，因為通常學習研究方法與結果會是論文的精華以及創新所在，對於科研老手會更有價值。

對於新手或者是想跨到新領域的人來說，Introduction就會顯得格外重要，因為前言可以幫助他們更快的進入狀況，除此之外，他們也可以讀相關的review papers來增加相關的背景知識。所以在Introduction稍微提及其他人的研究可以帶來很多益處，讓新手能夠更快開始自己的研究。

前言(Introduction)至少需要由三個部份組成，否則是不完整的前言：

1. 為什麼要研究此課題？
2. 之前是否有其他人做過此課題研究，簡單概述他們的研究成果
3. 他們的研究有什麼美中不足之處，需要你再進一步的深度研究

範例

論文摘要是對整篇論文的簡要概述，通常包括研究的目的、方法、主要結果和結論。摘要的目的是讓讀者能夠快速了解論文的主要內容，以便決定是否閱讀全文。摘要通常在論文的開頭部分出現，並按照論文的結構和內容來撰寫。關鍵詞在摘要後方列出，它們是描述論文內容和主題的重要詞彙，有助於提供更全面的信息，並與標題相關聯，幫助讀者更容易理解論文的內容。

論文摘要可以分為結構化和非結構化兩種形式。結構化摘要按照特定的格式組織信息，通常包含背景介紹、研究目的、方法、結果和結論等部分，每部分都有明確的標題或段落。這種結構有助於讀者快速理解研究內容，提供清晰的研究概覽。相比之下，非結構化摘要則沒有固定的結構，作者通常自由地描述研究的主要內容，並且可能省略一些具體的細節。非結構化摘要更加靈活，可以根據作者的偏好和需要進行編寫，但有時可能會缺乏清晰度和系統性。無論是結構化還是非結構化摘要，都是讓讀者快速了解研究內容的重要工具，並且應該根據具體的期刊要求和審稿人建議進行撰寫。

以下為範例論文

Abstract

This study presents the addition of rice husk ash to improve the performance of concrete in fresh and hardened state. Rice husk ash is the waste from a rice mill waste, and it is a source of air pollution, seriously affecting the quality of life. Many research studies prove the reuse value of rice husk ash, and rice husk ash is now considered an important engineering material, which can be used in soil stabilization or as a mixture of asphalt and concrete. There are many benefits by adding rice husk ash to cement. The ball-shaped particles of rice husk ash act as miniature ball bearings in the concrete compound, which produces lubricating effect. This effect also improves the pumping capacity of concrete by reducing friction. Adding rice husk ash to cement also decreases the total of water required for cement hardening, and produces high strength of concrete at lower water-cement ratio. In construction projects, it is suitable for dam construction or harbor construction, so the low heat of reaction avoids cracks in the structure due to temperature variation, and can resist erosion by sea water. As for construction materials, it can reduce the amount of materials, reduce the cost, have good working properties, light quality, fire protection and corrosion resistance.

1. Introduction

Strength and durability of concrete play a very significant role in civil engineering. People often pay enormous attention on infrastructure security and transport safety, and thus politicians enforce many strict laws and regulations to prevent any accidents taking place. In attempt to achieve this goal, high-strength concrete has been widely utilized in many constructions, such as bridges, dams, skyscrapers and transport hubs, etc. In order to increase strength of concrete, admixtures and pozzolans are added to Portland cement as a supplement of concrete. There are many advantages and excellent effects to add pozzolans into Portland cement. For example, pozzolans assist in reducing the amount of cement required to make concrete, so it results in costing less. At the same time, environment is improved as a result of the demand of limestones decreasing, and there is no need to have more quarries. Since pozzolans can provide so many benefits, nowadays it is being popularly used in many projects.

Pozzolans are a large class of siliceous materials or aluminous materials containing silicon, and they are extensively adopted to increase mechanical strength and durability of concrete structures (Isaia et al., 2001). Fly ash, slag and silica fume are examples of pozzolans, and they are waste products from manufacturing industries (Alhozaimy et al., 1996). Fly ash is a coal combustion product, and it is precipitants of chimney gases in coal- fired power plants (Swanpoel et al., 2002). Granuated blast-furnace slag is a by-products of iron and steel-making, and it consists of metal oxide and silicon oxide (Lemonis et al., 2015). Silica fume is very fine spherical particles, and it is by-product of manufacture of ferrosilicon alloys (Shannag, 2000). Fly ash, slag and silica fume are supplementary cementitious materials, and they are adopted to replace a portion of cement to achieve economy, reduction of heat of hydration and improving workability. As the matter of fact, pozzolans have no cementitious properties alone, but they gain cementitious properties when pozzolans in the presence of moisture or water react with by-product of cement, calcium hydroxide. As the result, pozzolans can replace a portion of cement, and at the same time they can increase strength of concrete.

The main components of concrete are cementitious materials, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, pigments and admixtures. Fine and coarse aggregate are also known as sand and gravel respectively, and they work as the filler in concrete or mortar. Cementitious materials are cement or a mixture of cement and supplementary cementitious materials, such as pozzolans. Cementitious materials and water work as the binder in concrete or mortar, and

they can help combine sand and gravel together to make concrete by chemical reaction. The water-binder ratio is an important measure of concrete because it has a great impact on the strength of concrete (Zain et al., 2000). However, the cement hydration usually yield calcium silicate hydrate gel and some by-product, calcium hydroxide. Calcium silicate hydrate gel is mainly responsible for the strength in concrete, but calcium hydroxide has no cementitious properties. Therefore, increasing yield percentage of calcium silicate hydrate gel is a crucial issue. According to many researches, pozzolans is able to react calcium hydroxide to yield calcium silicate hydrate gel, and this reaction is known as pozzolanic reaction. Therefore, more calcium silicate hydrate gel is produced, and at the same time amount of cement required to make concrete is reduced. In addition, the heat of hydration is also reduced.

Rice husk is a waste in rice mills, and it pollutes environment (Chandrasekhar et al., 2005). According to many research papers, rice husk ash can be consider as a pozzolanic material (Rukzon et al., 2009), and the strength of concrete or mortar increases as decreasing the particle size of rice husk ash (Hwang et al., 2011). The early strength of concrete can be improved by adding rice hush ash to Portland cement (Srawathy et al., 2006). In addition, rice husk ash is capable to ameliorate the strength of concrete more than fly ash. (Jongpradist et al., 2018). Furthermore, rice husk ash can also increase flowing ability of mortars (Safiuddin et al., 2010). Rice husk ash can be one of the best pozzolans because of adding rice husk ash into cement can improve performance of concrete greatly.

However, the best replacement percentages of pozzolans is unknown because there are too many factors effect outcomes. Therefore, it is very important and valuable to research this topic. In this paper, rice husk ash is used as a supplementary cementitious material because it is one of cheapest, and it can upgrade the performance of concrete at most.

2. Material and Method

Material

2.1. concrete
Nowadays, concrete is widely used in construction buildings because of its price and

workability. Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, cement and water, and sometimes pigments and admixtures are added in concrete. Since different parts of structure of buildings endures different magnitude of loadings, it is necessary to adopt different strength of concrete. The strength of concrete is effected by its composition, so it is important to know percentages of each component in the concrete. Measuring compressive strength of concrete is one of best way to evaluate performance of concrete. Concrete usually can bear very heavy loads, and it is very compressive as well. Many factors may exert influence on the compressive strength of concrete, and curing conditions and proportions of water are the main reasons. Concrete usually is cured for 28 days and reach its 100% strength. The hydration of cement and water is able to increase the compressive strength of concrete, and therefore setting concrete in a water tub can enhance the strength of concrete. It is not very intuitive, but the hydration reaction needs water to react with cement. It is a reason that concrete specimens usually store and cure in the water. Proportions of water in concrete is also important, and scientists introduce a new parameter to indicate the percentage of water in concrete. Water-cement ratios or water-binder ratios are introduce to civil engineering. Water-cement ratios means the proportion of water and cement. Sometimes, water-cement ratios cannot really tell the truth story. Therefore, water-binder ratio brings up. The binder includes not only cement but also pozzolans, such as fly ash, slag, silica fume and rice husk ash. Water-binder ratio is more accurate, and it is widely adopted in measuring high- performance concrete since most high-performance concrete contains a portion of pozzolans.

2.2. Cementitious material

2.2.1. cement
There are five types of Portland cements, namely Portland cement type I, Portland

cement type II, Portland cement type III, Portland cement type IV and Portland cement type V. Portland cement type I is normal Portland cement, and it is used for general purposes. Portland cement type II is lower heat of hydration than Portland cement type I, and it can be used for sewer pipes because there are many bacteria in sewer pipes. Bacteria produce hydrogen cations, and thus it causes the pH level low. Portland cement type II is able to resist some degree of sulfate attack. Portland cement type III has high early strength ability, but it has relatively higher heat hydration than Portland cement type I. Portland cement type IV has the lowest heat of hydration, and therefore it is adopted for construct dams. Portland cement type V has the greatest sulfate resistance, and it is the best for underground sewer pipes. Main compositions of Portland cement are alite, belite, aluminate and ferrite. Commercially, cement chemist notation is used to represent the elements in cement. Alite in cement chemist notation is C3S, and C and S are represent as CaO and SiO2 respectively. In other words, the chemical formula of alite is (CaO)3·SiO2, and alite is also known as tricalcium silicate. The cement chemist notation of belite is C2S, and belite is also known as dicalcium silicate. The cement chemist notation of aluminate is C3A, and A refers as Al2O3. In other words, aluminate is also known as tricalcium aluminate, (CaO)2·SiO2. The cement chemist notation of ferrite is C4AF, and F refers as Fe2O3. In other words, ferrite is also known as teracalcium aluminoferrite, (CaO)4·SiO2 The cement chemist notation of aluminate is C3A, and A refers as Al2O3. In other words, aluminate is also known as tricalcium aluminate, (CaO)2·SiO2·Al2O3·Fe2O. In this reserch, Portland cement type II was adopted, and it was brought from Asia Cement Corporation.

2.2.2. Water
Water plays the main role to combine aggravates and cementitious materials together

to form a concrete. Water and cementitious materials together create a function of glue. More water can increase concrete workability, but too much water deteriorate the strength of concrete. Therefore, it is important to control how much water is added in the concrete. The hydration occurs when water adds into cement. In the present study, tap water is used to make the concrete specimens. The quality of tap water can be neglectable in this experiment. Therefore, this experiment can be executed anywhere and come up with the same results.

2.3. Filler of concrete

2.3.1. Fine aggravate
Fine and coarse aggravates are granular materials, and they play as the filler in a

concrete. Usually, aggravates occupy the most of volume in concrete, and it can reduce the costs. In addition they are also important to prevent the volume of concrete changing dramatically because the hydration between cement and water increases the final volume of concrete. Therefore, reducing amount of cement in concrete is able to solve the problem. Fine aggravate is also known as sand. The grain-size distribution of fine aggravate can be obtained by hydrometer analysis. This is important to evaluate grain-size distribution of fine-grained soil in advanced before making the concrete for construction purposes. In this study, the sand is collected from Da’an river in Taichung by Jiancang corporation.

2.3.2. Coarse aggravate

The main component in either fine or coarse aggravate is quartz materials, and the chemical name of quartz materials is silicon oxide. Sieve analysis is applied for obtaining the grain-size distribution of coarse aggravate. The common name of coarse aggravate is gravel, and sometimes it can be called as stones. The quality of gravels affect the strength of concrete. It is prohibited to use sand and gravels from the sea for construction because of chloride ions. Since most of construction building may contain a cage of steel bar, chloride ions will corrode the iron in reinforced concrete. It is also important to ensure the aggravates are round shape because it will increase the strength of concrete. In this study, gravels is collected from Da’an river by Jiancang corporation.

2.4. Rice husk ash
Rice husk ash is a natural pozzolan, and people look forward to its properties. It is a

waste product from rice mills, and it is difficult to handle. However, people use rice husk ash to enhance the strength of concrete by adding it into cement, and at the same moment it saves the environment. The color of rice husk ash is black, and it is fine materials. The shape of rice hush ash is well-round. Since it is a natural pozzolan, the price of rice husk ash is relatively cheaper than other pozzolans. it is study, the rice husk ash came from Vietnamese rice fields.

Method
In this work, Type II Portland cement was used because of its properties. The

composition of the Type II Portland was mentioned above. In order to evaluating the strength and durability of concrete, compressive strength test and slump test were adopted. The concrete specimens were made, and the dimension of concrete specimens is a cylinder with 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height. The procedure of making concrete specimens was easy. The concrete was filled into six identical specimen molds, and all the specimens would place aside for a day until they dried out. There were three different compositions of concrete, and each type of composition had two identical specimens. Therefore, it was able to investigate whether the curing time effected the performance of concrete. In this experiment, zero percent of rice husk ash in concrete was compared to ten percent of rice husk ash and twenty percent of rice husk ash in the concrete. This experiment was designated to evaluate the strength and durability of concrete by changing the portions of rice husk ash in the concrete.

Slump test must be completed right after concrete was made because the concrete would dry out. Slump test was testing the workability of concrete. The procedure of concrete slump test was simple. The slump cone was adopted, the size of which is 100 mm in diameter at the top, 200 mm in diameter at the bottom, and 305 mm in height. First of all, the slump cone must place at a horizonal hard surface. Secondly, concrete was filled into the slump cone until concrete occupying one-third of the cone by volume. Then, the first layer of concrete in the slump cone needed to be tamped 25 times before filling the second layer because the space inside the concrete would affect the results. The same procedure needed to repeat three times, and finally the slump cone was pulled up and removed. The height differences between original and slumped concretes were measured. The measurement of slump indicated the workability of concrete. In other words, it evaluated how fluid the concrete was.

The compressive strength test was accomplished by compressive machine. The specimens were divided into two group. Group one had been cured for 3 days, and group two had been cured for 7 days. Third group had been cure for 14 days, and forth group had been cured for 28 days. The compressive machine exerted pressure on the specimens until they cracked into pieces. The maximum stress force of each specimens was recorded.

3. Results

In the research, the results of slump test and compressive strength of concrete was expected. Adding more rice husk ash into the concrete increased the workability of concrete. The concrete became more fluidic.

The influence of rice husk ash on the properties of fresh concrete is categorized into slump, unit weight and air content. Under each water-binder ratio, the influence of different rice husk ash replacement rate on the slump, the higher the ratio of rice husk ash to cement, the higher the flow rate. The better the mobility, the display of the bearing effect. Regardless of the water-binder ratio, the effect is quite significant. Under different water-binder ratios, different rice husk replacement rates have an impact on the unit weight of fresh concrete, and the ratio of rice husk ash to cement replacement The higher the rate, the lower the unit weight. Because the specific gravity of rice husk ash is smaller than that of cement, it is also lower than the fine-grained material ratio used in this research. Therefore, replacing cement with rice husk ash can reduce the unit weight of concrete. Under each water-binder ratio, the effect of different rice husk ash replacement rate on the air content of fresh concrete can be found when the rice husk ash replacement rate is higher. The lower the air content, the higher the density.

The compressive strength of concrete increased as more rice husk ash adding into the concrete because rice husk ash yielded more calcium silicate hydrate gel by reacting with calcium hydroxide. In this study, there were four group of concrete specimens. First group had been cured for 3 days, and second group had been cured for 7 days. Third group had been cured for 14 days, and forth group had been cured for 28 days. The graph below was drew by python via matplotlib module.

4. Discussion

In this work, rice husk ash could increase the performance of concrete. The compressive strength of concrete increased as curing time increasing. The graph of compressive strength of concrete showed that the strength of concrete increased as curing time increasing. In day three, there were few differences among strengths of control group, 10% rice husk ash and 20% rice husk ash groups. However, in day 28, the gap between control group and concrete contained rice husk ash increased. The concrete consisted of rice husk ash had greater strength. This was because of pozzolanic reaction between cement and rice husk ash. Comparing the results of this experiment to other papers showed that this results was slight better than (Jamil et al., 2013). In this present work, the concrete had greater compressive strength because the particle size of rice husk ash was much finer and smaller. However, this had to do another experiment to find out the particle size of rice husk ash in this study. In addition, the slump test result had no difference comparing with other papers. This study showed that adding rice husk ash could advance the workability of concrete.

In this study, the compressive strength of concrete specimens with rice husk ash had better results than previous works. In this present work, the compressive strength of concrete specimens are 920.143 and 931.652 kilogram-force per centimeter square at day 28, respectively. This was much better than the outcomes from other works, and their compressive strength of the concrete specimens were 605.324 and 611.829 kilogram-force per centimeter square (Salas et al., 2009). The quality of rice husk ash was possible reasons that this study results were better than previous works. However, this study still did not have enough evidences. Therefore, needing more data supports this hypothesis.

5. Conclusion

This study introduced the rice husk ash as an alternative pozzolan, and it could add into concrete in order to increasing the workability, strength and durability of concrete. Since there was pozzolanic reaction between cement and rice husk ash. Rice husk ash was much more cheaper than fly ash, slag and silica fume. In addition, adding rice husk ash into concrete could provide the greatest performance. The results in this study had a good agreement with the theory.

After 28 days curing, the strength of rice husk ash concrete was much greater than control concrete. The compressive strength of tice husk ash concrete specimens exceeded 900 kilogram-force.

6. Acknowledgment

The author thank National Taiwan University of Science and Technology for offering rice husk ash for this experiment. I am also grateful to ABC cement products co., ltd. for providing a laboratory, so I finish this study and publish this paper.

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